NEW WORLD GENERA ABSENT IN BRAZIL S.L.
All except Cyatheales and Polypodiales: 34 genera in New World, 30 in Brazil S.L. and 4 absents: Botrychium (AR, CH), Marattia (MX, AMC), Claytosmunda (CAN, USA) and Microschizaea (AR, CH).
Cyatheales: 12 genera in New World, 10 in Brazil S.L. and two absents: Thyrsopteris (CH) and Cibotium (MX, AMC).
Polypodiales: 152 genera in New World, 120 in Brazil S.L. and 32 absents: Odontosoria (MX, AMC, CAR, CL), Sphenomeris (USA, MX, AMC, CAR, CL), Homalosurus (CN, USA), Arthopteris (CH), Gymnocarpium (CN, USA), Woodsia (CN, USA), Deparia (USA), Ephemeropteris (MX, AMC, CL, VZ, EC), Matteuccia (CN, USA), Onoclea (CN, USA), Onocleopsis (MX, AMC), Loxogramme (MX, AMC), Synammia (AR, CH), Lomaphlebia (CB, JM), Luisma (CL), Notogrammitis (OW, AR, CH), Maxonia (AMC, CAR, USA, CL, EC), Polystichopsis (CAR, VZ), Atalopteris (CAR), Phegopteris (OW, USA), Coryphopteris (OW, CN, USA), Oreopteris (OW, CAN, USA), Leptogramma (OW, U.S.A., MX, AMC), Cryptogramma (OW, CN, USA, AR, CH), Llavea (MX, AMC), Scoliosurus (MX, AMC), Baja (MX), Bommeria (USA, MX, AMC), Mildella (OW, MX, AMC, CAR, EC), Cheiloplecton (MX, AMC), Pentagramma (USA, MX) and Aspidotis (CN, USA, MX).
COLOMBIAN ADVANTAGES AGAINST BRAZIL S.L. BY GENERA (NUMBER OF SPECIES MORE THAN BRAZIL S.L.)
All except Cyatheales and Polypodiales: Danaea (6), Sticherus (5), Trichomanes (5), Didymoglossum (2), Psilotum (1) - 19 spp.
Cyatheales: Sphaeropteris (1) - 1 spp.
Polypodiales: Jamesonia (11), Parablechnum (9), Diplazium (7), Dennstaedtia (5), Tectaria (5), Pityrogramma (5), Radiovittaria (3), Terpsichore (3), Steiropteris (3), Lomaridium (2), Alansmia (2), Lellingeria (2), Stigmatopteris (2), Polytaenium (2), Austroblechnum (2), Athyrium (1), Hypoderris (1), Lomariopsis (1), Hymenasplenium (1), Mickelia (1) - 68 spp.
10 occur in South America (17/188): Nelumbonaceae (1/1), Cytinaceae (1/3), Mitrastemonaceae (1/1), Melanthiaceae (4/36), Fagaceae (2/138), Koeberliniaceae (1/1), Tetrachondraceae (1/1), Zosteraceae (2/3), Hamamelidaceae (3/3), Anacampserotaceae (1/1).
22 do not (30/88): Balsaminaceae (1/1), Nyssaceae (1/1), Setchellanthaceae (1/1), Sarcobataceae (1/1), Fouquieriaceae (1/11), Simmondisiaceae (1/1), Crossossomataceae (3/5), Stegnospermataceae (1/3), Guamatelaceae (1/1), Petenaeaceae (1/1), Plocospermataceae (1/1), Ticodendraceae (1/1), Resedaceae (2/10), Datiscaceae (1/1), Paeoniaceae (1/1), Saururaceae (2/2), Platanaceae (1/5), Schisandraceae (2/2), Liliaceae (4/26), Garryaceae (1/9), Altingiaceae (1/1), Iteaceae (1/3) - large genera are Fouquiera, Calochortus and Forchhammeria.
.. MEXICO MORE SPECIES
Typhaceae, Buxaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Surianaceae, Rosaceae, Ulmaceae, Onagraceae (39 more spp.), Cistaceae, Brassicaceae, Polygonaceae, Nyctaginaceae (two more genera), Achatocarpaceae, Boraginaceae, Ehretiaceae (6/38 ✕ 5/20), Oleaceae, Orobanchaceae, Plantaginaceae, Apiaceae.
.. EQUAL SPECIES
Cymodoceaceae.... BRAZIL S.L. MORE SPECIES
Cabombaceae, Hernandiaceae, Vitaceae, Celastraceae, Cucurbitaceae (Mexico six more genera), Cannabaceae, Urticaceae, Caricaceae, Cleomaceae (a single more genus), Pentaphyllacaceae, Primulaceae, Caryophyllaceae (Mexico 4 more genera), Phytolaccaceae, Ericaceae (one more genus), Scrophulariaceae, Schlegeliaceae, Campanulaceae, Caprifoliaceae.
... BRAZIL S.L. MORE SPECIES
Myristicaceae, Annonaceae, Lauraceae, Monimiaceae, Piperaceae, Burmanniaceae, Araceae, Triuridaceae, Cyclanthaceae, Alstroemeriaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Iridaceae, Orchidaceae, Arecaceae, Haemodoraceae, Costaceae, Marantaceae, Xyridaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Cyperaceae, Menispermaceae, Sabiaceae, Proteaceae, Dilleniaceae, Connaraceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Clusiaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Ochnaceae, Podostemaceae, Trigoniaceae, Achariaceae, Dichapetalaceae, Lacistemaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Malpighiaceae, Violaceae, Passifloraceae, Salicaceae, Peraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Polygalaceae, Moraceae, Anacardiaceae, Burseraceae, Sapindaceae, Meliaceae, Rutaceae, Simaroubaceae, Malvaceae, Picramniaceae, Combretaceae, Lythraceae, Vochysiaceae, Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae, Thymelaeaceae, Capparaceae, Petiveriaceae, Aizoaceae, Basellaceae, Loasaceae, Marcgraviaceae, Sapotaceae, Ebenaceae, Symplocaceae, Styracaceae, Ximeniaceae, Erythropalaceae, Santalaceae, Schoepfiaceae, Balanophoraceae, Loranthaceae, Metteniusaceae, Icacinaceae, Convolvulaceae, Rubiaceae, Loganiaceae, Gentianaceae, Apocynaceae, Solanaceae, Linderniaceae, Bignoniaceae, Gesneriaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae (383/3,244 ✕ 387/3,451), Araliaceae.
... EQUAL SPECIES
None.... MEXICO MORE SPECIES
Juncaceae, Commelinaceae, Haloragaceae, Linaceae, Rhamnaceae, Apodanthaceae, Martyniaceae, Amaranthaceae (11 spp. more), Cactaceae (71/537 ✕ 58/705), Clethraceae.
... MEXICO MORE SPECIES
Magnoliaceae, Ruppiaceae, Juncaginaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Ranunculaceae, Krameriaceae, Picrodendraceae, Staphylleaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Talinaceae, Viburnaceae.... BRAZIL S.L. MORE SPECIES
Nymphaeaceae, Chloranthaceae, Siparunaceae, Canellaceae, Winteraceae, Aristolochiaceae, Potamogetonaceae, Alismataceae, Dioscoreaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Smilacaceae, Pontederiaceae, Heliconiaceae, Zingiberaceae, Cannaceae, Mayacaceae, Berberidaceae, Gunneraceae, Oxalidaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Elatinaceae, Hypericaceae, Begoniaceae, Geraniaceae, Bixaceae, Tropaeolaceae, Droseraceae, Molluginaceae, Portulacaceae, Theaceae, Opiliaceae, Cordiaceae, Heliotropiaceae, Calceolariaceae, Gelsemiaceae, Aquifoliaceae.... EQUAL SPECIES
Ceratophyllaceae, Putranjivaceae, Bataceae, Muntigiaceae, Hydroleaceae, Cyrillaceae, Menyanthaceae.
INFRAFAMILIAR COLOMBIAN GROUPS ABSENTS IN BRAZIL S.L.
MAGNOLIIDS
ANNONACEAE ‣ all New World groups occur in Brazil S.L. except tribe Miliuseae (29/490-495); New World members composes Sapranthinae subtribe, with three genera, Desmopsis Saff., Sapranthus Seem. and Stenanona Standl., all from Mexico to Colombia, the first also in Cuba.
MONOCOTS
ARECACEAE ‣ 12 of the 15 South American tribes occur in Brazil S.L.; Colombian exceptions are tribe Sabaleae (Coryphoideae, 1/14) with Sabal Adans in Colombia and Venezuela; tribe Roystoneae (Arecoideae, 1/11) with Roystonea O.F.Cook in Colombia and Venezuela; and tribe Reinhardtieae (Arecoideae, 1/6) with Reinhardtia Liebm. in NW Colombia.
BASAL ANGIOSPERMS
BUXACEAE ‣ two subfamilies, Braziliansl absent is Buxeae (1/101), which in South America occur only from Colombia, Venezuela and Suriname.
FABIDS
EUPHORBIACEAE ‣ all South American clades occur in Brazil S.L. except tribe Aleuritidae (15/60), with Garcia nutans Vahl ex Rohr in Colombia.
FABACEAE ‣ 33 clades in South America, 31 tribes among three subfamilies and, and two small subfamilies; all Colombian occur in Brazil S.L. except Prioria clade (3/16) with Prioria copaifera Griseb. in NW Colombia; and Cladrastidoids clade (3/18) with Styphnolobium sporadicum in NW Colombia.
ROSACEAE ‣ 7 tribes occur in South America, 6 in Brazil S.L.; absents are tribe Spireeae (8/90-110), with Holodiscus argenteus (L.f.) Maxim. in Colombia.
MALVIDS
SAPINDACEAE ‣ 11 lineages in South America (one small subfamily and 10 tribes within two remaining subfamilies), two Colombian absents in Brazil: subf. Hipocastonoideae (5/180-185), with one Billia Peyr. in Colombia; tribe Doratoxyleae (8/19) at Dodonaeoideae, with one Exothea Macfad in Colombia and Ecuador.
BRASSICACEAE ‣ two subfamilies, Aethionomoideae (1/56) and Brassicoideae, the latter with 5 supertribes, all in New World, 4 in South America, and 57 tribes belongs in this family, 12 in South America, one in Colombia absent in Brazil S.L.: Brassiceae (c. 36/c. 275, with Cakile lanceolata (Willd.) O.E. Schulz in Colombia and Venezuela) at supertibe Brassicodae.
MALVACEAE ‣ nine subfamilies, 8 in South America, all of them and your tribes occur in Brazil S.L. except subfamily Tilioideae (3/37), from temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere, with Mortoniodendron Standl. & Steyerm (15) reaching to NW Colombia in South America.
BASAL ASTERIDS
CACTACEAE ‣ 13 lineages at this family (3 small subfamilies and 10 tribes within Opuntioideae and Cactoideae), all in South America, one in Colombia absent in Brazil S.L.: tribe Cacteae (32-35/405-425) with two spp. of Mamillaria Haworth in Colombia and Venezuela.
TETRAMERISTACEAE ‣ a smaller family with two genera in South America, the monotypic Pentamerista Maguire at tribe Tetrameristeae in Brazil S.L., Colombia and Venezuela, and Pelliciera Planch. & Triana at tribe Pelliciereae, with one sp. in mangroves from Ecuador and Colombia.
ERICACEAE ‣ 8 lineages (two small subfamilies and six tribes within two remaining subfamilies) occur in South America, three Braziian absents, one in Colombia: subf. Monotropoideae (14/55-60) with one Monotropa L.
LAMIIDS
GESNERIACEAE ‣ all clades in Gesnerioideae fom Colombia occur in Brazil S.L., except subtribe Gesneriinae (4/c. 70), with two spp. of Rhytidophyllum Mart. in Colombia and Venezuela.
PLANTAGINACEAE ‣ nine lineages (2 small subfamilies and 7 tribes within three remaining subfamilies) in South America, only one absent in Brazil S.L.: tribe Russelioideae Jacq. within a unnamed Braziliansl absent subfamily, with R. sarmentosa Jacq. in Colombia.
Anthurium (Araceae) ‣ 18 sections accepted here - Croat (Aroideana, 1983); Croat, T. B., Lingán, J. & Hayworth, D.(Rodriguésia, 2005); Temporini (Thesis, 2006); Carlsen & Croat (Annals of Mss. Bot. Garden, 2019); for an illustrated breakdown of the genus, see Croat (MOBOT, 2017).
CLADE 1 - POLYPHYLLIUM
■ Polyphyllium - two spp., A. flexile Schott and and A. clidemioides Standley, Mexico to Colombia; most basal member of genus.
CLADE 2 - U2D CLADE
■ Urospadix (inc. Chamaerepium) - 60 spp., endemic to E Brazil S.L.; within this clade, A. lucidum Kunth, endemic to E Brazil S.L., with a chromosome number of ca. 124 is the highest known chromosome number in Anthurium.
■ subclade 2 - Pachyneurium p.p., possibly absent in Brazil S.L.
■ Dactylophyllium - 25 spp., tropical America, 10 in Colombia, 7 in Brazil S.L..
CLADE 3 - REMAINING TAXA
■ Andiphilum - 25 spp., mainly Central America.
■ Calomystrium - 184 spp.
■ Leptanthurium - a single sp., A. gracile (Rudge) Schott, over tropical America.
■ Tetraspermuim - 35 spp., scandent hersb, over tropical America.
■ Belolonchium - 220 spp.
■ Cardiolonchium - 175 spp.
■ Decurrentia - 45 spp., from Central America to N Brazil S.L.
■ Digitinervium - 41 spp., Costa Rica to tropical Andes.
■ Gymnopodium - only one sp., A. gymnopus Griseb. from Cuba.
■ Multinervia - 16 spp.
■ Pachyneurium - 156 spp. (inc. several species formerly placed in Urospadix section), birds’s nestings, over tropical America. A. bovinii Camelo & Nadruz, belonging this section, from SW Amazonas state in northern Brazil S.L., has the smallest spadix in genus, with only 0.5cm length.
■ Polyneurium - tropical America.
■ Porphyrochitonium - 375 spp., a large group from Costa Rica to Ecuador, mainly in Colombia; only one sp. in Brazil S.L., A. bakeri Hook.f.
■ Semaeophyllium - 23 spp., Nicaragua to NW Brazil S.L.
■ Xialophyllium - 108 spp., tropical America.
Bauhinia (Fabaceae) ‣ Wunderlin et al. (Biolgiske Skrifter Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 1987), with updates for Wunderlin (Phytoneuron, 2010), only subg. Bauhinia occur in New World, divided in section Bauhinia, Pauletia, Amaria, Alvesia, Micralvesia, Telestria, Pseudophanera, Afrobauhinia and Gigasiphon, only three firsts in New World. sect. Amaria (c. 15, N South America to Mexico) is fewer represented in Brazil S.L..
Bomarea (Alstroemeriaceae) ‣ by Hofreiter (Systematic Botany, 2008), four subgenera belongs this genus: subg. Baccata (5, Panamá to N Colombia in South America) absent in Brazil S.L.
Chusquea (Poaceae) ‣ 5 genera, 6 sections and 5 groups, all from Brazil S.L. except four sections within subg. Chusquea (Longifoliae, Longiprophyllae, Serpentes and Verticillatae) and C. culeou group in subg. Swallenochloa from southern Andes (0–2,000m) - Fisher et al. (Systematic Botany, 2014).
Citharexylum (Verbenaceae) ‣ by O´Leary et al. (American Journal of Botany, 2020), three subgenera: subg. Purpuratum (1, endemic to Mexico), Citharexylum (sects. Citharexylum, Mexicanum, Pluriflorum) and subg. Sudamericanum (sects. Andinum, Caribe and Sylvaticum); three sections are exclusive from U.S.A to Nicaragua; one is exclusive to Caribbean; and remaining three in South America, one Braziliansl absent: sect. Citharexylum (25-30) belongs subg. Citharexylum, mainly Mesoamerica, six extend into the Caribbean and N South America.
Cnidoscolus (Euphorbiaceae) ‣ genus with 8 sections, Calyptrosolen (20), mainly in Mexico and Central America but with a few species in Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela, unique South American absent in Brazil S.L. - Maya-Lastra & Steinmann (Taxon, 2018).
Cobaea (Polemoniaceae) ‣ 4 sections: sect. Cobaea is mainly Mexican, with one species occurring in the Andes; sect. Pachysepalae is restricted to southern Mexico and Guatemala; sect. Rosenbergia is widespread in the neotropics; and sec. Triovulatae is restricted to central Mexico, Costa Rica, and Panama - Prater (Systematic Botany, 1999).
Croton (Euphorbiaceae) ‣ 31 sections in the New World, 22 in South America, of which three are absent from Brazil S.L., two in Colombia: Cupreati (1, Colombia and Ecuador) and Drepanii (6, only C. costatus (weed) in South America, on the coast of Colombia and Venezuela).
Erythranthe (Phrymaceae) ‣ 12 sections, 8 only in North America/Mexico (29), two from Asia/North America (18 in North America and 10 in Asia), and three also in South America: sect. Sinopitheca (4, Asia and E. bridgesii (Benth.) G.L. Nesom in Chile and Argentina), sect. Mimulosma (18, E. stolonifera (Novopokr.) G.L. Nesom from Russia, 17 spp. from U.S.A. and Mexico, E. moschata (Douglas ex Lindl.) G.L. Nesom disjunct in Chile) and sect. Simiola (38, restricted from North America and Mexico, nine in Chile (4 of then reaching into Argentina, 1 into Bolivia) and adjacent pacific coast of Brazil S.L., and one, E. glabrata (Kunth) G.L. Nesom, in U.S.A., Mexico, and disjunct in Colombia) - Barker, Nesom, Beardsley & Fraga (Phytoneuron, 2012).
Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) ‣ a large and high morphological diverse genus with 4 subgenera and 64 sections, only 18 in New World, 10 in Brazil S.L.. One colombian sections is absent in Brazil S.L.: sect. Crepidaria from Caribbean Basin.
Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) ‣ sect. Talauma has 4 subsections: subsect. Chocotalauma (6, three in Colombia and three in Ecuador), subsect. Cubenses (10, Caribbean), subsect. Dugandiodendron (22, E Venezuelan and Andes from Colombia to Andean Brazil) and subsect. Talauma (Mexico to the south of Brazil S.L., including the other 35 spp. on the continent, four of then in Brazil S.L.).
Manihot (Euphorbiaceae) ‣ 19 sections, 14 in Brazil S.L., only one in Colombia absent in Brazil S.L.: sect. Carthaginensis (2) from N Venezuela to N Colombia.
Meriania (Melastomataceae) ‣ five sections: Eumerianie, Umbellata, Pachymeriae, Davya and Adelbertia, the two lasts in Brazil S.L. - Chiavegatto & Baumgratz (Systematic Botany, 2015).
Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae) ‣ six subgenera, with a odd in South America: N. ampla (Salisb.) DC., from Brachyceras subgenus.
Passiflora (Passifloraceae) ‣ Colombian subdivisions absents in Brazil S.L. only sect Hahniopathanthus (5, Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela) in subg. Decaloba, and sect. Tryphostemmatoides (4, Nicaragua to Ecuador) in subg. Deidamioides.
Pavonia (Malvaceae) ‣ 5 subgenera, 15 sections and 9 subsections emerges of this genus, all South American in Brazil S.L. except sect. Albae in subg. Asterochlamys (3, Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela) and sect. Diathericae in subg. Typhalea (1, endemic to mangroves in Pacific coast of Colombia).
Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) ‣ three subgenera, one in South America absent in Brazil, sect. Heterophylliformis, a monotypic section, with P. elongata Benj. from Andes of Colombia and Venezuela) - Fleischmann (Carnivorous Plant Newletter, 2021).
Piper (Piperaceae) ‣ three main lineages: Neotropical, Asian, and South Pacific; these main lineages comprise ten major clades; Neotropical lineage can be subdivided in to eight clades, all occur in Brazil S.L. except clade Piper cinereum/P. aurita clade, with two spp., from Mexico to Ecuador, Venezuela, Suriname and French Guiana.
Quercus (Fagaceae) ‣ two subgenera (Quercus and Cerris, only the first in New World) and eight sections; South American member Q. humboldtii Bonpl. belongs subg. Quercus section Lobatae, a high clade with 120 spp. exclusively from New World - Denk et al (Tree Physiology, 2007).
Saurauia (Actinidiaceae) ‣ there is no global genus review; by Soejarto (Fieldiana, 1980), for South America, there are 7 sections, all exclusives from continent, with largest numbers in Colombia (6, Omichlophilea endemic) and Brazil S.L. (5, Gynotrichae endemic).
Stelis (Orchidaceae) ‣ Karremans (Lankesteriana, 2019) - recognizes ten subgenera in this genus, 9 in Brazil S.L. and one absents, Condylago (2, Panamá and Colombia).
Viola (Vioaceae) ‣ a single section in Colombia but non in Brazil, sect. Nosphinium subsect. Mexicanae (10, Mexico to Ecuador).
Altogether, 611 genera (among 120 families) are added to the 2,767 Brazilian genera, totaling 3,378, the highest number in the world. The families with the most genera are Asteraceae (115), Orchidaceae (57), Cactaceae (28), Poaceae (25), Fabaceae (23), Brassicaceae (19), Rubiaceae (18), Malvaceae (17), Solanaceae (16), Amaryllidaceae (14), Gesneriaceae (14), Apiaceae (10), Ericaceae (10) and Melastomataceae (10). 137 of these genera are Monocots, two are Laurales, the remaining 472 are Eudicots.
Endemic genera added: Cephalacanthus, Tessmanniacanthus, Trichosanchezia (Acanthaceae), Hebanthodes (Amaranthaceae), Orthopterigyum (Anacardiaceae), Peruviasclepias (Apocynaceae), Angeldiazia, Anticona, Ascidiogyne, Aynia, Bishopanthus, Caxamarca, Centenaria, Chinopappus, Ellenbergia, Ferreyella, Hughesia, Heiseria, Holoschkuhria, Notobaccharis, Paquiera, Schizotrichia, Syncretocarpus, Trepadonia, Uleophytum (Asteraceae), Dactylocardamum, Gongylis, Machaerophorus (Brassicaceae), Calymmanthium, Lasiocereus, Matucana, Mila, Oroya, Rauhocereus (Cactaceae), Pellegrinia (Ericaceae), Maraniona (Fabaceae), Gloxiniella (Gesneriaceae), Neotessmannia (Mutingiaceae), Laccopetalum (Ranunculaceae), Jonstonalia (Rhamnaceae), Riqueuria (Rubiaceae).
MAGNOLIACEAEBrazil S.L. has 17 spp. of Magnolia, one in subsect. Dugandiodendron (M. azulensis F. Arroyo) and remaining 16 in subsect. Talauma (9 in VPA for former Peru, 4 in Brazil S.L. for VPA, plus M. rimachii, M. clementinana, M. manuensis). Colombia has 37 spp. (Cogollo-Pacheco et al., Brittonia, 2019) in sect. Talauma subsect. Talauma (21-23), sect. Talauma subsect. Chocotalauma (4), and sect. Talauma subsect. Dugandiodendron (10-12). Mexico has 25 spp. (Vazquez-García, Phytotaxa, 2013) in sect. Macrophylla (1-4), sect. Magnolia (14-17), sect. Talauma subsect. Talauma (7-10).
The disadvantage of Brazil S.L. compared to Colombia, by group, is 7 species in the subsect. Talauma, 11 species in the subsect. Dugandiodendron, and 4 in Chocotalauma. Compared to Mexico, it's 4 in the sect. Macrophylla and 17 in the sect. Magnolia.
XXXXXXX
ANNONACEAEColombia and Mexico share the only group absent in Brazil SL., the subtribe Sapranthinae, with (4/)32 species from Mexico to Colombia and Cuba.
WS ENDEMICS: 44.
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SIPARUNACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 1.
XXXXXXX
LAURACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Andea (6, ?) and Yasunia (1, AC/Ucayali).
WS ENDEMICS: 55.
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MONIMIACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 1.
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PIPERALES
ARISTOLOCHIACEAEBrazil S.L. leads absolutelly in Aristolochia and Prosopanche in Neotropics. However, the most advantageous forms of Aristolochia do not occur in Brazil, such as the notable A. arborea Linden, native from Mexico to Colombia.
WS ENDEMICS: 7.
Prosopanche panguanensis C.Martel & Rob.Fern., a species endemic to Amazon forest in Copacabana state, NW Brazil
PIPERACEAE1,230 spp. in Brazil S.L., 679 Piper, 549 Peperomia, and two in Manekia.
WS ENDEMICS: 491.
Peperomia vestita C.DC. in Copacabana state, Brazil/SBL16698
Piper hispidum Sw. in Copacabana state, Brazil/SBL16998
ARACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Gorgonidium (2, CO), Incarum (1, HY, CO), Spathantheum (1, CO) and Synandrospadix (1, CO). Filarum is endemic to Loreto.
675 spp. in Brazil S.L., 861 in Colombia.
WS ENDEMICS: 52.
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BURMANNIACEAE ‣ ...New genus: new genus Tiputinia (1, CO, SEE).
WS ENDEMICS: 1.
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DIOSCOREACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 21.
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PANDANALES
VELLOZIACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Barbaceniopsis (1, CO).
WS ENDEMICS: 1.
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TRIURIDACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Triuridopsis (1, AC/Madre de Dios, SEE), also in Loreto.
XXX
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CYCLANTHACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Carludovica and Schultesiophytum.
WS ENDEMICS: 7.
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LILIALES
CORSIACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Arachnits (1, CO, SEE).
XXX
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ALSTROEMERIACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Luzuriaga.
WS ENDEMICS: 22.
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SMILACACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 4.
XXX
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ASPARAGALES
ORCHIDACEAE ‣ ...
The annexation of Peru adds 57 genera of Orchidaceae to Brazil, with 12 belonging to Orchidoideae and 45 to Epidendroideae.
New genera Orchidioideae (12): Kreodanthus (3, TB/SEE, HY?, AC?, CO, AT?), Stephanothelys (1, TB/SEE), Coccineorchis (1, HY), Odonthorhynchus (1, CO), Quechua (1, HY), Stenorrhynchus (1, ??), Aa (10, TB, HY, CO), Altensteinia (5, TB, HY, CO), Gomphichis (8, TB, HY), Myrosmodes (7, HY, CO, AT, SEE), Porphyrostachys (2, HY), Pseudocentrum (2, ??) and Pterichis (11, TB, HY, CO).
New genera Epidendroideae (45): Sertifera (1, TB/SEE), Crossoglossa (2), Vargasiella (1, CO), Dressleria (2, TB, HY/SEE), Caucaea (1, TB/SEE), Ciscweinfia (2, HY), Cyrtochiloides (1, ??), Cyrtochilum (63, TB, HY, AC/, CO, AT), Eloyella (1, TB), Fernandezia (41, TB, HY, AC?, CO?, AT?), Hofmesiterella (1, HY, CO), Miltoniopsis (2, TB?, HY, AC?, CO?, AT?), Oliveriana (1, TB), Rossioglossum (1, ??/SEE), Seegeriella (1, ??/SEE), Sutrina (1, UNKNOWN), Systeloglossum (1, HY), Telipogon (54, TB, HY, CO), Trichoceros (5, TB, HY, AC?, CO?, AT?), Vitekorchis (2, TB, HY?, AC?, CO?, AT?), Zelenkoa (1, TB), Benzingia (3, TB?, HY, AC?, CO?, AT?), Chaubardiella (4, TB?, HY, AC?, CO?, AT?), Chondroscaphe (1, HY), Chondrorhyncha (1, HY), Ixyophora (1, ??/SEE), Anguloa (2, TB?, HY, AC?, CO?, AT?), Lycomormium (3, TB?, HY, AC?, CO, AT?), Lueddemannia (1, CO), Schlimmia (1, HY), Sievekingia (1, HY), Vasqueziella (1, ??), Oestlundia (1, ??/SEE), Dresslerella (1, HY), Restrepia (6, TB, HY, AC?, CO?, AT?), Draconanthes (1, ??), Frondaria (1, ??), Gravendeelia (1, HY/SEE), Diodonopsis (2, TB?, HY, AC?, CO?, AT?), Opilionanthe (2, TB?, HY?, AC?, CO, AT?, SEE), Pendusalpinx (4, TB?, HY, AC?, CO?, AT?), Dracula (4, HY), Porroglossum (7, TB, HY, AC?, CO?, AT?), Teagueia (1, TB/SEE) and Andinia (7, TB, HY, AC?, CO, AT?, SEE).
News: 582 Epidendrum, 61 Lepanthes, 9 Chloraea. For a historical work about Orchidaceae in western states, see Schweinfurth (Fieldiana, 1960). VPA recognizes 56 spp. of Lepanthes in former Peru (47 endemics), however Ocupa-Horna et al. (Brittonia, 2023) recognizes 81, being 44 endemics.
xxx
WS ENDEMICS: .
XXXXXXX
TECOPHILAEACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Tecophilaea (1, HY).
XXX
XXXXXXX
IRIDACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Libertia, Olsynium (2, HY, CO, AT), Orthrosanthus (2, TB, HY, CO), Hesperoxiphion (4, TB, HY, CO), Mastigostyla (11, HY, CO, AT) and Tigridia (10, HY, CO, AT).
WS ENDEMICS: 16.
XXXXXXX
ASPHODELACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Pasithaea.
XXX
XXXXXXX
AMARYLLIDACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Trichlora (2, HY, CO), Chlidanthus (1, TB, CO, AT), Eustephia (6, HY, CO, AT), Clinanthus (17, TB, HY, CO, AT), Pamianthe (1, known only by cultivation), Paramongaia (1, HY), Eucrosia (4, TB), Ismene (12, TB, HY, CO), Leptochiton (2, TB), Mathieua (1, TB), Phaedranassa (1, TB?, SEE), Pyrolirion (8, HY, CO, AT, SEE), Rauhia (5, TB) and Stenomesson (27, TB, HY, CO, AT).
WS ENDEMICS (Amaryllioideae): 138.
WS ENDEMICS (Allioideae): 3.
XXXXXXX
ASPARAGACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Anthericum (4, HY, CO, AT), Diamena (1, HY), Diora (1, TB, HY), Echeandia (4, TB, HY, CO, AT) and Trihesperus (1, HY, AT, SEE).
WS ENDEMICS: 8.
XXXXXXX
ARECALES
ARECACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Ceroxylon (6, TB, HY, CO, AC/Madre de Díos) and Welfia (1, HY).
WS ENDEMICS: 9.
XXXXXXX
BROMELIACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Barfussia (4, TB/SEE, HY), Gregbrownia (1, TB), Cipuropsis (4, TB, HY), Goudaea (1, HY), Josemania, Greigia and Ronnbergia.
WS ENDEMICS: 223.
XXXXXXX
ERIOCAULACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 5.
XXXXXXX
XYRIDACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 1.
XXXXXXX
JUNCACEAE ‣ ...New genera: new genera: Distichia (1, HY, CO, AT) and Oxychloe (1, CO).
XXX
XXXXXXX
CYPERACEAE ‣ ...New genera: ew genera: Oroebolopsis (1, HY), Phylloscirpus (2), Scirpus (3, HY, AT), Trichophorum (1, HY, CO) and Zameioscirpus (1)
WS ENDEMICS: 7.
XXXXXXX
POACEAE
Peru adds 25 genera for Brazil after unification.
ANOMOCHLOIDEAE
:.:
PHAROIDEAE
:.:
PUELIOIDEAE
:.:
ORYZOIDEAE
:.:
BAMBUSOIDEAE
:.:
POOIDEAE
New genera: Triniochloa, Aciachne, Anatherostipa, Orthachne, Pappostipa, Bracypodium, Elymus, Koeleria, Peyritschia, Rostraria, Anthoxathum, Lachnagrotis, Podagrostis, Puccinellia, Cinnastrum and Alopecurus.
ARISTIDOIDEAE
:.:
PANICOIDEAE
New genus: Zeugites (1, HY, CO).
ARUNDINOIDEAE
New genus: Phragmites (1, TB, HY, CO).
MICRAIROIDEAE
:.:
DANTHONIOIDEAE
:.:
CHLORIDOIDEAE
New genus: Cottea, Enneapogon, Uniola, Disakisperma, Distichlis, Munroa and Trichoneura.
COMMELINACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 3.
XXXXXXX
ZINGIBERALES
HELICONIACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 4.
XXXXXXX
MARANTACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 8.
XXXXXXX
COSTACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Monocostus (1, HY); this genus also occur in Loreto.
WS ENDEMICS: 3.
XXXXXXX
ZINGIBERACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 1.
XXXXXXX
PAPAVERACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Argemone (1, TB, HY, AC/, CO, AT), Bocconia (2, TB, HY, AC, CO).
XXX
Bocconia frutescens in Huayhuash state, Brazil © PERU TROPICS
MENISPERMACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 4.
XXXXXXX
BERBERIDACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 14.
XXXXXXX
RANUNCULACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Thalictrum (5, TB, HY, AC/, CO, AT), Caltha (1, TB, HY, AC/, CO, AT), Halerpestes (1, TB, HY, AC/, CO, AT) Laccopetalum (1, TB, HY, AC/, CO, AT) and Myosurus.
WS ENDEMICS: 8.
XXXXXXX
SABIACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 4.
XXXXXXX
PROTEACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Oreocallis and Lomatia.
WS ENDEMICS: 4.
XXXXXXX
BUXALES
BUXACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 1.
XXXXXXX
DILLENIALES
DILLENIACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 3.
XXXXXXX
SAXIFRAGALES
CRASSULACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Sedum.
WS ENDEMICS: 13.
Sedum sp. in Tumbes state, NW Brazil/SEC9770
GROSSULARIACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Ribes.
WS ENDEMICS: 9.
Ribes cuneifolium Ruiz & Pavon in Huayhuash state, Brazil RPB/2022 (SEE)
SAXIFRAGACEAENew genus: Saxifraga (1).
XXX
Saxifraga magellanica Poir in Huayhuash state, Brazil/SPR1778
VITALES
VITACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 1.
XXXXXXX
ZYGOPHYLLALES
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Bulnesia, Larrea, Porlierea and Fagonia.
WS ENDEMICS: 1.
XXXXXXX
OXALIDALES
CONNARACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 3.
XXXXXXX
OXALIDACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 19.
XXXXXXX
CUNONIACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 6.
XXXXXXX
ELAEOCARPACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Vallea.
XXX
XXXXXXX
BRUNELLIACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Brunellia.
WS ENDEMICS: 7.
XXXXXXX
CELASTRALES
CELASTRACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Crossopetalum, Tricerma.
WS ENDEMICS (Hippocrateoideae): 3.
WS ENDEMICS (non Hippocrateoideae): 4.
XXXXXXX
MALPIGHIALES
ERYTHROXYLACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 4.
XXXXXXX
OCHNACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Godoya.
WS ENDEMICS: 3.
XXXXXXX
CLUSIACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Dystovomita.
WS ENDEMICS: 12 (in Clusia, inc. Havetiopsis and Oedematopus, and Tovomita).
XXXXXXX
CALOPHYLLACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 5 (in Caraipa, Haploclathra, Kielmeyera and Marila).
XXXXXXX
HYPERICACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 5 (all in Hypericum).
XXXXXXX
PODOSTEMACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 2.
XXXXXXX
MALPIGHIACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Ectopopterys.
WS ENDEMICS: 26.
XXXXXXX
DICHAPETALACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 1.
XXXXXXX
CHRYSOBALANACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 10.
XXXXXXX
HUMIRIACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 2.
XXXXXXX
VIOLACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Fusispermum.
WS ENDEMICS: 10.
XXXXXXX
PASSIFLORACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Malesherbia (a new subfamily).
WS ENDEMICS (Passifloroidea): 31.
WS ENDEMICS (Malesherbioideae): 10.
XXXXXXX
SALICACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Neosprucea, Pineda.
WS ENDEMICS: 3.
XXXXXXX
EUPHORBIACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Dysopsis, Incadendron.
WS ENDEMICS: 44.
XXXXXXX
PHYLLANTHACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Andrachne, Tacarcuna.
WS ENDEMICS: 3 (all in Phyllanthus).
XXXXXXX
LINACEAE ‣ ...
WS ENDEMICS: 1. XXX
XXXXXXX
FABALES
FABACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Cyathostegia (Faboidea/Swartzieae), Amicia, Dalea, Fiebrigiella, Maraniona, Weberbauerella (Faboidea/Dalbergioideae), Apurimacia, Cologania, Otholobium, Pachyrhizus, Phaseolus, Piscidia (Faboidea/Phaseoloideae), Gliricidia, Poissonia (Faboidea/Robinieae), Astragalus (Faboideae/Hedysareae), Arquita, Caesalpinia, Hoffmannseggia, Tara (Caesalpinioideae/Caesalpinieae), Acaciella, Leucaena, Pseudosamanea and Strombocarpa (Caesalpinioideae/Mimoseae).
WS ENDEMICS: 234.
XXXXXXX
Phaseolus debouckii A. Delgado, 2017, restricted from NW Brazil (Tumber, Huayhuash) and southern Ecuador
POLYGALACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Hebecarpa.
WS ENDEMICS: 46.
XXXXXXX
ROSALES
ROSACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Potentilla, Kageneckia, Hesperomeles.
WS ENDEMICS: 14.
XXXXXXX
RHAMNACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Jonstonalia, Retanilla and Sageretia.
WS ENDEMICS: 2.
XXXXXXX
CANNABACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Lozanella.
XXX
XXXXXXX
MORACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Morus and Paratrophis.
WS ENDEMICS: 2.
XXXXXXX
URTICACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS (Cecropioideae): 6.
WS ENDEMICS (Non-Cecropioideae): 24.
XXXXXXX
CUCURBITALES
CORIARIACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Coriaria (1).
XXX
XXXXXXX
CUCURBITACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Hanburia (Sicyoeae) and Calycophysum (Cucurbiteae).
WS ENDEMICS: 23.
XXXXXXX
BEGONIACEAE ‣ ...Nine new sections in Begonia for Brazil.
WS ENDEMICS: 38.
XXXXXXX
APODANTHACEAE ‣ ...One more Pilostyles.
XXX
XXXXXXX
MYRICACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Morella (3).
XXX
XXXXXXX
JUGLANDACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Juglans (1).
XXX
XXXXXXX
BETULACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Alnus (1).
XXX
XXXXXXX
GERANIACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Hypseocharis (1, CO/SEE).
Largest diversity of Geranium in New World, with 39 spp., 3 ahead Mexico.
WS ENDEMICS (Hypseocharis): 1.
WS ENDEMICS (Geranium): 18.
XXXXXXX
FRANCOACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Balbisia and Rhynchotheca.
XXX
XXXXXXX
MYRTALES
ALZATEACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Alzatea (1).
XXX
XXXXXXX
LYTHRACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Lourtella (1).
WS ENDEMICS: 1.
XXXXXXX
MELASTOMATACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Centradeniastrum (unplaced Melastomoideae), Tessmannianthus (Astronieae, new tribe), Chalybea (Blakeeae), Axinaea (Merianieae), Alloneuron, Quipuanthus, Wurdastom (Cyphostyleae), Andesanthus, Brachyotum (Tibouchininae) and Pterogastra (Pterolepinae).
WS ENDEMICS: 169.
XXXXXXX
MYRTACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Acca (1).
WS ENDEMICS: 39.
XXXXXXX
ONAGRACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Camissonia and Clarkia.
WS ENDEMICS: 24.
XXXXXXX
VOCHYSIACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 3.
XXXXXXX
HUERTALES
TAPISCIACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Huertea (1).
XXX
Huertea glandulosa near Oxapampa, Pasco region, PR
DIPENTODONTACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Perrottetia (2).
XXX
XXXXXXX
SAPINDALES
ANACARDIACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Haplorhus, Ochoteraneae, Loxopteygium, Orthopterygium, Toxicodendron and Mauria.
WS ENDEMICS: 7.
XXXXXXX
BURSERACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 2.
XXXXXXX
MELIACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Ruagea (5), Schmardaea (1).
WS ENDEMICS: 3.
XXXXXXX
RUTACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Amyris (4).
WS ENDEMICS: 6.
XXXXXXX
SAPINDACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Llagunoa (Dodoneeae), Athyana (Athyaneae), Lophostigma (Sapindeae).
WS ENDEMICS: 16.
XXXXXXX
SIMAROUBACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 1.
XXXXXXX
THYMELAEACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 3.
XXXXXXX
BIXACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Amoreuxia (1).
XXX
XXXXXXX
MUNTINGIACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Neotessmannia (1, endemic)
WS ENDEMICS: 1.
XXXXXXX
MALVACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Trichospermum (Grewieae), Pentaplaris (unplaced Malvoideae), Phragmotheca (Matisieae), Acaulimalva, Allosidastrum, Andeimalva, Anoda, Cristaria, Fuertesimalva, Malvella, Nototriche, Palaua, Sidasodes, Tarasa, Tetrasida, Urocarpidium (Malveae), Kosteletzkya (Hibisceae).
WS ENDEMICS/Bombacoideae: 7.
WS ENDEMICS/Malvoideae: 87.
XXXXXXX
BRASSICALES
TROPAEOLACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
Second largest diversity in this family (28) after Cono Sur (30) and ahead Colombia (25).
WS ENDEMICS: 10.
XXXXXXX
CARICACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
Largest diversity of Vasconcellea (10), tied with Ecuador, and isolated largest diversity of family (16).
WS ENDEMICS: 2.
XXXXXXX
TOVARIACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
XXX
XXXXXXX
CAPPARACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Beautempsia, Neocapparis, Quadrella and Steriphoma.
WS ENDEMICS: 1 (actually Morisonia spreucei).
XXXXXXX
CLEOMACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Andinocleome and Podandrogyne.
WS ENDEMICS: 4.
XXXXXXX
BRASSICACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Descurainia (Descurainieae), Exhalimolobus, Mancoa (Halimolobeae), Dictyophragmus, Englerocharis, Mostacillastrum, Neuontobotrys, Weberbauera (Thelypodieae), Alshehbazia, Aschersoniodoxa, Brayopsis, Dactylocardamum, Eudema, Gongylis (Eudemeae), Cremolobus (Cremolobeae), Machaerophorus, Mathewsia (Schizopetaleae), Draba and Tomostima (Arabideae).
Brazil S.L. has (23/)119 spp. Mexico has (43/)214 spp.
WS ENDEMICS: 34.
XXXXXXX
SANTALALES
APTANDRACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 1.
XXXXXXX
BALANOPHORACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Corynaea (1).
XXX
XXXXXXX
LORANTHACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Tristerix (Ligariinae), Aetanthus (Psitacanthinae).
WS ENDEMICS: 14.
XXXXXXX
SCHOEPFIACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Quinchamalium (1).
WS ENDEMICS: 5.
XXXXXXX
SANTALACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Lepidoceras (1) and Cervantesia (3).
All tropical genera of South America occur in Brazil. 80 spp. of Phoradendron and 31 Dendrophthora.
WS ENDEMICS (Ermenolepidoideae): 1.
WS ENDEMICS (Santalaceae s.s.): 23.
XXXXXXX
DROSERACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 1
XXXXXXX
FRANKENIACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Frankenia (9 spp. in South America, two in W Brazil).
XXX
XXXXXXX
POLYGONACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 10
XXXXXXX
PLUMBAGINACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
One more Plumbago in Brazil.
XXXXXXX
CARYOPHYLLACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Corrigiola, Pycnophyllum, Colobanthus, Stellaria, Silene and Pycnophyllopsis.
Largest diversity of South America (131) and second ahead U.S.A. (207); some new species: Drymaria veliziae (SEE) and Arenaria acaulis (SEE).
WS ENDEMICS: 44.
XXXXXXX
ACHATOCARPACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
One more Achatocarpus.
XXXXXXX
AMARANTHACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Pleuropetalum (2), Hebanthodes (1), a fully endemic genera; Atriplex (7), Chenopodium (6) and Oxybasis (1), in Chenopodioideae, a new subfamily; Suaeda, in a new subfamily; Heterostachys and Manglieticornia, one spp. each, among Salicornioideae.
WS ENDEMICS (non-former Chenopodiaceae): 8
WS ENDEMICS (former Chenopodiaceae): 1
XXXXXXX
Pedersenia weberbaueri (Suess.) Holub, an endemic and highly threatened shrub from the Marañón valley of Huayhuash state, Brazil (SEE)
AIZOACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Tetragonia (6, one endemic).
XXX
XXXXXXX
PHYTOLACCACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
7 new Phytolacca for Brazil, none endemics.
XXXXXXX
PETIVERIACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Ledenbergia and Schindleria.
XXX
XXXXXXX
NYCTAGINACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Cyrtocarpus (1), Colignonia (5), Allionia (1), Commicarpus (2) and Mirabilis (9).
WS ENDEMICS: 5.
XXXXXXX
MONTIACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Cistanthe (6), Montiopsis (1) and Callandrinia (6).
WS ENDEMICS: 5.
XXXXXXX
BASELLACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Ullucus (1).
XXX
XXXXXXX
PORTULACACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 2.
XXXXXXX
CACTACEAE ‣ ...New generta: Airampoa (Opuntieae), Austrocylindropuntia, Cumulopuntia, Punotia, Tephrocactus (Tephrocacteae), Calymmanthium, Lymanbensonia (Lymanbensonieae), Eulychnia (Eulychnieae), Corryocactus (Corryocacteae), Armatocereus (Armatocereinae), Neoraimondia (Strophocacteae), Eryoscice, Neowerdermania (Erioscyceae), Browningia, Lasiocereus, Weigardia (Rebutinae), Samaipaticereus (clade I of Trichocereinae), Borzicactus, Espostoa, Haageocreus, Matucana, Mila, Oreocereus, Oroya, Pygmaeocereus, Rauhocereus (clade II of Trichocereinae), Lobivia, Trichocereus (clade III of Trichocereinae).
A new Pereskia. 14 endemics in Opuntia.
WS ENDEMICS: 199.
XXXXXXX
CORNALES
CORNACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Cornus.
XXX
XXXXXXX
HYDRANGEACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Hydrangea (6); see Granados Mendoza et al. (Frontiers, 2021).
XXX
XXXXXXX
LOASACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Gronovia (Gronovioidae, new subfamily), Nasa, Presliophytum and Xylopodia.
WS ENDEMICS: 59.
XXXXXXX
MARCGRAVIACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Ruyschia (2).
WS ENDEMICS: 5.
XXXXXXX
POLEMONIACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Cantua (11), Cobaea (6), Microsteris (1), Gillia (2) and Dayia (1).
WS ENDEMICS: 9.
XXXXXXX
LECYTHIDACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Grias (2).
WS ENDEMICS: 2.
XXXXXXX
PENTAPHYLACACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 7.
XXXXXXX
SAPOTACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Cornuella.
WS ENDEMICS: 8.
XXXXXXX
EBENACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 6.
XXXXXXX
PRIMULACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Bonellia (2).
WS ENDEMICS/MYRSINOIDEAE: 28.
WS ENDEMICS/THEOPHRASTOIDEAE: 5.
xxxxx
XXXXXXX
SYMPLOCACEAE ‣ ...WS ENDEMICS: 14.
XXXXXXX
STYRACACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 3.
XXXXXXX
ACTINIDIACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Saurauia (11, 5 endemics).
The fourt diversity after Colombia (32), Ecuador (23) and Mexico (21).
WS ENDEMICS: 3.
XXXXXXX
CLETHRACEAE ‣ ...New genus: new genus Purdiaea (1).
WS ENDEMICS: 1.
XXXXXXX
ERICACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Ceratostema, Demosthenesia, Diogenesia, Macleania, Oreanthes, Orthaea, Pellegrinia, Semiramisia, Siphonandra and Themistoclesia.
The second diversity (230) in New World after Colombia (282) and ahead Ecuador (229).
WS ENDEMICS: 51.
XXXXXXX
AQUIFOLIALES
AQUIFOLIACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 9.
XXXXXXX
PHYLLONOMACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Phyllonoma.
XXX
XXXXXXX
METTENIUSALES
METTENIUSACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Metteniusa. (1)
XXX
XXXXXXX
GENTIANALES
RUBIACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Cinchona, Joosia, Pimentelia, Stilpnophyllum (Cinchoneae), Rondeletia (Rondeletieae), Arachnothryx (Guettardeae), Dioicodendron, Dolichodelphys, Hippotis, Macbrideina, Tammsia, Wittmackanthus (Condamineeae), Raritebe (Urophylleae), Heterophyllaea (Coussareae), Arcytophyllum (Spermacoceae), Leptostigma, Nertera (Anthospermeae) and Morinda (Morindeae).
XXX
WS ENDEMICS: 96.
XXXXXXX
GENTIANACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Centaurium, Cicendia, Zeltnera (Chironieae), Lehmaniella (Heliaeae), Gentiana, Gentianella and Halenia (Gentianeae, a new subfamily).
XXX
WS ENDEMICS: 103.
XXXXXXX
APOCYNACEAE ‣ ...Nnew genera: Vallesia (Apidospermateae), Allomarkgrafia (Mesechiteae), Pentascyphus (Pentacypheae), Philibertia (Oxypetaleae), Lachnostoma and Peruviasclepias (Gonolobiinae).
XXX
WS ENDEMICS (Asclepiadoidae): 43.
WS ENDEMICS (non-Asclepiadoideae): 14.
XXXXXXX
SOLANALES
CONVOLVULACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
XXX
WS ENDEMICS (Cuscuta): 7.
WS ENDEMICS (non-Cuscuta): 9.
XXXXXXX
SOLANACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Browalia (Browallieae), Streptosolen (Cestreae), Fabiana, Leptoglossis (Petunioidea), Nolana, Sclerophyllax (Atropeae), Exodeconus (Exodeconeae), Nicandra (Nicandreae), Schultesianthus, Trianaea (Solandreae), Jaltomata (Solaneae), Cuatresia (Cuatresieae), Deprea (Withaninae), Dunalia, Eryolarynx and Saracha (Iochrominae).
XXX
WS ENDEMICS: 208.
JALTOMATA SP. IN TUMBES STATE/SEC9984
JUANULLOA PARASITICA IN FOOTHILLS IN COPACABANA STATE/SBL2448
BORAGINALES
BORAGINACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Lithospermum (Lithospermeae), Hackelia, Amsinckia, Cryptantha, Johnstonella, Pectocarya and Plagiobotrys (Cynoglossoideae).
XXX
WS ENDEMICS: 7 (in Lithospermum (Lithospermeae), Hackelia, Cryptantha, Pectocarya and Plagiobotrys)
XXXXXXX
HYDROPHYLLACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Phacelia.
Family absent from Venezuela to Ecuador.
XXXXXXX
NAMACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Nama and Wigandia.
WS ENDEMICS: 1.
XXXXXXX
HELIOTROPIACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
XXX
WS ENDEMICS: 14 (Heliotropium and Tournefortia; currently, some of these species may have changed genera, moving into Heliotropium itself, Myriopus, or Euploca.)
XXXXXXX
CORDIACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
XXX
WS ENDEMICS: 6 (all Cordia).
XXXXXXX
EHRETIACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Rochefortia and Tiquilia.
XXX
WS ENDEMICS: 6 (all Tiquilia)
XXXXXXX
LAMIALES
OLEACEAE ‣ ...New genus: new genus Schrebera.
XXX
WS ENDEMICS: 2.
XXXXXXX
PELTANTHERACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Peltanthera.
A new family for Brazil.
XXXXXXX
CALCEOLARIACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
XXX
WS ENDEMICS: 101.
Calceolaria mexicana subsp. mexicana in Tumbes state/SEC245
GESNERIACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Sanango (Sanagoideae), Rhynchoglossum (Epithemateae), Cremosperma, Gasteranthus, Reldia (Beslerieae), Gloxinella, Heppiella, Kohleria, Nomopyle, Pearcea (Gloxinieae), Alloplectus, Glossoloma, Pachycaulos, Trychodrymonia (Columeinae).
XXX
WS ENDEMICS: 36.
XXXXXXX
PLANTAGINACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Ourisia (Angeloneae), Nuttalanthus, Galverzia, Maurandya (Antirrhinoideae), Sibthorpia (Sibthorpieae, new tribe).
XXX
WS ENDEMICS (Plantago): 2.
WS ENDEMICS (non-Plantago): 1.
XXXXXXX
SCROPHULARIACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Alonsoa (Hemimeridae, new tribe).
XXX
WS ENDEMICS/1: 1.
WS ENDEMICS/2: 1.
XXXXXXX
VERBENACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Pitraea (Priveae), Mulguraea and Junellia (Verbeneae).
XXX
WS ENDEMICS: 38.
XXXXXXX
MARTYNIACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Proboscidea.
XXX
XXXXXXX
BIGNONIACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Eccremocarpus, Tourretia (Tourretieae), Argylia, Tecoma (Tecomeae) and Delostoma (Delastomeae).
XXX
WS ENDEMICS: 4.
XXXXXXX
ACANTHACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Neriacanthus (Acantheae), Trichosanchezia (Trichantherinae), Tessmanacanthus (unplaced Justicieae), Oplonia (Graptophyllinae), Tetramerium (Tetrameriinae) and Cephalacanthus (Justiciinae).
XXX
WS ENDEMICS: 42.
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LENTIBULARIACEAE ‣ carnivorous plants.New genus: Pinguicula (TB, HY).
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PINGUICULA ROSMARIEAE
LAMIACEAE ‣ 695 spp. in Brazil S.L., 137 in Salvia.New high clade: Callicarpa clade.
New genera: Callicarpa (?), Minthostachys (TB, HY, CO, AT) and Catoferia (?).
WS ENDEMICS: 57.
Clinopodium nubigena in Tumbes state/SEC5412
PHRYMACEAENew family for Brazil.
New genera Erythranthe (HY, CO, AT), Leucocarpus (HY).
PHRYMACEAE WORLDWIDE
OROBANCHACEAE ‣ 97 spp. in Brazil S.L., 34 in Neobartsia, all restricteds for western states.New genera: Aphyllon (HY, CO), Euphrasia (?), Neobartsia (?) and Lamorouxia (TB, HY, CO).
Mexico has more genera and more species.
WS ENDEMICS: 20.
Aphyllon tacnaense in San Jeronimo, Cusco, Copacabana state, W Brazil © guatemala.inaturalist.org
ESCALLONIALES
ESCALLONIACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
WS ENDEMICS: 2.
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ASTERALES
CAMPANULACEAE ‣New genera for Brazil: Diastatea (TB, HY, CO), Lysipomia (TB, HY, CO).
Second largest diversity (226) in New World after Colombia (238).
The smallest terrestrial angiosperm worldwide belongs a Brazilian species, Lysipomia mitsyae Sylvester & D.Quandt.
WS ENDEMICS: 32.
Lysipomia mitsyae Sylvester & D.Quandt. patch
MENYANTHACEAE ‣ ...XXXX
Colombia and Bolivia has e endemic species each.
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ASTERACEAE
Peruvian anexxation includes 115 genera for Brazil: Barnadesioideae (2), Mutisioideae/Onoseridae (2), Mutisioieae/Mutisieae (2), Mutisioideae/Nassauvinae (4), Gochnatioideae (1, Gochnatia), Cichorioideae/Cichorieae (1, Microseris), Cichorioideae/Liabeae (13), Cichorioideae/Vernonieae (4), Asteroideae/Senecioneae (15), Asteroideae/Gnaphalieae (7), Asteroideae/Astereae (11), Asteraoideae/Inuleae (1, Pseudoconyza), Asteroideae/Coreopsidinae (3), Asteroideae/Neurolaeneae (1, Neurolaena), Asteroideae/Tageteae (2), Asteroideae/Bahieae (1, Holoschkuhria), Asteroideae/Heliantheae (15), Asteroideae/Millerieae (6), Asteroideae/Perityleae (2), Asteroideae/Eupatorieae (22).
WS ENDEMICS: 695.
BARNADESIOIDEAE (2)
New added genera: Arnaldoa, Chuquiraga.
MUTISIOIDEAE (8)
New added genera: Paquirea, Plazia (Onoserinae), Chaetanthera, Oriastrum (Mutisieae), Leucheria, Lophopappus, Polyachirus, Proustia (Nassauvinae).
GOCHNATIOIDEAE (1)
New added genus: Gochnatia.
CICHORIOIDEAE (19)
New genera: Microseris (Cichorieae/Microserininae), Bishopanthus, Cacosmia, Chionopappus, Chrysactinium, Dillandia, Erato, Ferreyranthus, Munnozia, Oligactis, Paranephelius, Philoglossa, Pseudonoseris, Sampera (Cichorieae/Liabeae), Aynia, Cuatrecasanthus, Quechualia and Trapadonia (Cichorieae/Vernoniidae).
ASTEROIDEAE
:.:
ASTEROIDEAE/SENECIONEAE (15)
Aequatorium, Aetheolaena, Angeldiazia, Anticona, Caxamarca, Chersidoma, Culcitium, Dorobaea, Gynoxys, Lasiocephalus, Lomanthus, Misbrookea, Paracalia, Rockhausenia and Werneria.
ASTEROIDEAE/GNAPHALIEAE (7)
Antennaria, Chryselium, Cuatrecasasiella, Jalcophila, Loricaria, Mniodes and Stuckertiella.
ASTEROIDEAE/ASTEREAE (11)
Diplostephium, Erigeron, Haplopappus, Laennecia, Laestadtia, Llerasia, Novenia, Oritrophium, Parastrephia, Plagiocheilus and Psilactis.
ASTEROIDEAE/INULEAE (1)
Pseudoconyza.
ASTEROIDEAE/COREOPSIDAE (3)
Coreopsis, Heterosperma and Hidalgoa.
ASTEROIDEAE/NEUROLAENEAE (1)
Neurolaena.
ASTEROIDEAE/TAGETEAE (2)
Dyssodia and Schizotrichia.
ASTEROIDEAE/BAHIEAE (1)
Holoschkuhria.
ASTEROIDEAE/HELIANTHEAE (15)
Borrichia, Eleutheranthera, Encelia, Flourensia, Heisera, Monactis, Montanoa, Oblivia, Oyedaea, Pappobolus, Perymenium, Schizoptera, Syncretocarpus, Viguiera and Zinnia.
ASTEROIDEAE/MILLERIEAE (6)
Alloispermum, Aphanactis, Milleria, Schistocarpha, Sigesbeckia and Stachycephalum.
ASTEROIDEAE/PERITYLEAE (2)
Perityle and Villanova.
ASTEROIDEAE/EUPATORIEAE (22)
Ageratina, Amboroa, Aristeguietia, Ascidiogyne, Asplundianthus, Badilloa, Centenaria, Condylidium, Critoniella, Cronquistianthus, Crossothamnus, Ellenbergia, Ferreyrella, Grosvenoria, Guevaria, Helogyne, Hughesia, Neocuatrecasia, Nothobaccharis, Phalacraea, Polyanthina and Uleophytum.
DESFONTAINIALES
COLLUMELIACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Collumelia (4, all in Brazil S.L., one endemic, TB, HY, CO), Desfontainia (1/1, TB, HY, CO)
XXX
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ARALIACEAE ‣ ...New genus: Cephalopanax (TB, HY).
WS ENDEMICS: 28.
XXX
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APIACEAE ‣ ...New genera: Domeykoa (AT, CO), Eremocharis (Asteriscium clade, TB, HY, AT, CO), Azorella (Azorelloideae, ?), Paraselinum (unplaced Apioideae, HY, CO), Oreomyrrhis (TB, HY, CO), Osmorhiza (Scandiceae, CO), Arracacia (?), Nelnelsonia (CO), Niphogeton (Arracacia clade, TB, HY, CO), Sanicula (Saniculoidea, TB, HY).
WS ENDEMICS: 22.
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DIPSACALES
CAPRIFOLIACEAE ‣ ...Largest diversity of Valeriana in New World, with 110 spp.
WS ENDEMICS: 43.
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VIBURNACEAE ‣ ...Second diversity in of Viburnum in South America (15) after Colombia (18).
WS ENDEMICS: 3.
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